DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
COMP2121 Discrete Mathematics
Date:May 8,2024
1 Logic and Proofs(19 points)
(a)(5 pt)Assume that the following premises are true:
It is not sunny this morning and the temperature is lower than yesterday.
Agatha goes on a day trip only if it is sunny in the morning.
If Agatha does not go on a day trip then she does some gardening that day.
If Agatha is not home for dinner then she has not been gardening that day.
Show that the above premises lead to the conclusion that Agatha will be home for dinner that day.
(b)(5 pt)A formula where the-operator is only applied to atomic propositions and using connec- tives ^,V is said to be in negation normal form.Simplify the following formula to negation normal form.:→Vx[Ny[(x
(c)(5 pt)Suppose the domains of all variables are the same,and the following statements are true: Vx[P(x)→┐(Q(x)^R(æ)],3x[P(x) へQ(æ)],and Vx[S(x)→R(æ)].
Use the rules of inference to argue whether the following statement is true:3x-S(x).
(d)(4 pt)Prove the following Proposition
Prop. :For every positive integer n,there exist n consecutive composite integers,
by means of a Constructive Existence Proof.Note that a composite integer is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself.
Hint:Consider a sequence of numbers in the immediate vicinity of(n+1)!.
2 Sets and Relations(17 points)
(a)(4 pt)For arbitrary finite sets A,B and C,prove that
(A∩B)U(AnC)=(AnB)u(AnC)u(BnC).
Note that A denotes the complement of set A,and similarly for the other sets in the question.
(b)(6 pt)Let S be a subset of {1,2,…,2n}such that S has n+1 elements.Prove that there are different elements a,b∈S such that a divides b.
(c)Let set S be defined as
Consider the relation R defined on the set S as aRb if and only if ∈Q.Here Q denotes the set of rational numbers.
(i)(4 pt)Prove that R is an Equivalence Relation.
(ii)(3pt)Show that the guralence Claso1-5 n Ris gienby
3 Functions(10 points)
(a)(5 pt)Let A and B be finite sets.Letf:A→B and g:B→A be functions such that gof=IA,where IA is the identity function on A(the function that maps every element in A to itself).Show that f is an injection and g is a surjection.
(b)(5 pt)Show that Zk=1 k²·2k=0(n²·2”)for n∈Z+.
Hint:You may use the identity that for real r>1.
4 Counting(19 points)
This question pertains to a series of counting problems faced by staff and students at Mars Uni- versity.
(a)A Math student Amy has factorized a positive integer n as n=pi¹·p2²·.·prm,where P1,…,Pm are distinct prime numbers and k1,.…,km are positive integers.
(i)(3 pt)In how many ways can Amy write n as the product of two positive integers that have no common factors assuming that the order matters(i.e.,that for example 4·9 and
9·4 are regarded as different)?
(ii)(5 pt)Suppose Amy is interested in the specific number n=720.In how many ways can Amy write n=720 as the product of any two positive integers(irrespective of whether they have common factors or not)assuming that the order does not matter(i.e.,that for example 4·9 and 9·4 are regarded as the same)?
Conjecture a formula for the above problem for general n=pi¹·p2·..·Pm.
(b)(5 pt)Nine members of the University Staff Club plan to meet every day for dinner.They willhave to sit in a 9-seat round table for dinner with the only constraint being that no two members who sat together(in neighbouring seats)on one day willsit together in future.For how many days is this possible?
(c)(6 pt)Toby is studying the Theory of Diophantine Equations in his Number Theory Meets Algebra course and wants to know the number of integer solutions to the equation
X1+x2+33+x4=28,
that obey the condition
-10≤xi≤20 for i=1,..,4.
Use the Method of Stars-and-Bars and the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle to help Toby figure out the answer.
5 Probability(15 points)
(a)(4 pt)What's the probability that the top and bottom cards of a randomly shuffed deck are both kings?Note that all permutations of the 52 cards in the deck are equally likely in a random shuffle.
(b)(5 pt)Suppose people's birthdays are independently and uniformly distributed over the seven days of the week from Sunday to Saturday.Let p(n)denote the probability that in a randomly chosen group of n people,at least two of them are born on the same day of the week.Give a closed-form expression for p(n).Check that your formula gives p(2)=1/7.
(c)(6 pt)Let X and Y be real random variables.For any fixed value y of Y,Bob considers a random variable X|y that takes values x with distribution p(X|y)=x)=p(X=x|Y=y) and corresponding expected value E(X|y).He then defines a random variable E(X|Y)that takes values E(X|y)for y ranging over all possible values of Y.Similarly,he defines another random variable Var(X|Y)which takes values Var(X|y)for y ranging over all possible values of Y.Here E(·)and Var(·)denote mean and variance respectively.
Prove that these random variables satisfy the following identity:
Var(X)=Var(E(X|Y))+E(Var(X|Y)).
6 Graph Theory(20 points)
(a)A polyhedron is a geometric solid consisting of flat polygonal facesjoined at edges and vertices. In this question,we are especially interested in convex polyhedra,which have the property that any line segment connecting two points on the polyhedron must be entirely contained within the polyhedron.Every convex polyhedron can be projected onto the plane without edges crossing forming an undirected graph called the polyhedral graph.A regular polyhedron is one in which allthe faces are congruent (identical in shape and size)regular polygons (all angles congruent and all edges congruent)and the same number of faces meet at each vertex.A dodecahedron is a regular convex polyhedron consisting of 12 regular pentagons.
(i)(5 pt)How many convex regular polyhedra are there such that each face is a triangle? Hint:Consider the relation between the number of faces and number of edges,and identify the possible degrees of a vertex in the regular polyhedral graph.
(ii)(1 pt)State an upper bound for the vertex connectivity of each of the polyhedral graphs from part(i).
iii)(5 pt)You are given a solid dodecahedron and you color each pentagon with one of three colors -red,blue and green.Prove that there must be two adjacent pentagons that are colored with the same color.
(b)An isomorphism of graphs G and H is a bijection between the vertex sets of G and H,f: V(G)→V(H)such that any two vertices u,v ∈V(G)are adjacent in G if and only if f(u) and f(v)are adjacent in H.If an isomorphism exists between two graphs G and H,then they are said to be isomorphic and denoted as G~H.
Determine whether the following statements are True or False.Prove your answers.
(i)(2 pt)If two simple,undirected graphs G and H have the same number of vertices and edges and have the same chromatic number,then they are isomorphic.
(ii)(2 pt)If two simple,undirected graphs G and H are isomorphic,then they have the same chromatic number.
(c)(5 pt)Let G=(V,E)be a k-regular bipartite simple undirected graph with equal sized bipar- titions,for some k≥1.That is,V=V₁UV2 with V₁∩V₂=Ø and |Vi|=|V₂|,and all edges in the graph connect vertices in V₁to vertices in V2.Use Hall's Marriage Theorem to show that G has a perfect matching.